Spens (1938)

(page numbers in brackets)

Notes on the text

Preliminary pages (i-xxxviii)
Membership, Analysis, Preface, Introduction

Chapter I (1-86)
Development of the secondary curriculum
Chapter II (87-106)
The present position
Chapter III (107-139)
Physical and mental development of 11-16 year olds
Chapter IV (140-205)
The curriculum of the grammar school
Chapter V (206-217)
Scripture
Chapter VI (218-253)
English, classics, mathematics, general science
Chapter VII (254-267)
The School Certificate Examination
Chapter VIII (268-290)
Technical schools
Chapter IX (291-341)
Administrative problems
Chapter X (342-348)
Welsh problems
Chapter XI (349-385)
Conclusions and recommendations

Appendix I (386-402)
List of witnesses
Appendix II (403-414)
Liberal education (Young)
Appendix III (415-428)
Secondary curriculum (Kandel)
Appendix IV (429-438)
Faculty psychology (Burt)
Appendix V (439-452)
Transfer of training (Hamley)
Appendix VI (453-464)
Curricula in the Dominions (Clarke)

Index (465-477)


The Spens Report (1938)
Secondary Education
with Special Reference to Grammar Schools and Technical High Schools

London: HM Stationery Office

[page 465]

INDEX

PAGE
'Activities' and 'Subjects'158
Activities, conservative and creative, in the curriculum153
Acts:
    Peel's Factory Act 1802, 42 Geo. III, c. 7342
    The Charities Procedure Act 1812 (Romilly's Act) 52 Geo. III, c. 10115, 17
    Macclesfield Free Grammar School Private Act 1838, 1 & 2 Vict. c. 2516
    Grammar Schools Act 1840, 3 & 4 Vict. c. 7715, 21, 27
    Oxford University Act 1854, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 8138
    Cambridge University Act 1856, 19 & 20 Vict. c. 8838
    Endowed Schools Act 1869, 32 & 33 Vict. c. 5635, 45, 52
    Elementary Education Act 1870, 33 & 34 Vict. c. 7530, 42, 49, 67, 313
    Elementary Education Act 1880, 43 & 44 Vict. c. 2330
    Local Government (England and Wales) Act 1888, 51 & 52 Vict. c. 4153
    Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889, 52 & 53 Vict. c. 4054, 55, 116, 342, 343, 344, 348
    Technical Instruction Act 1889, 52 & 53 Vict. c. 7653, 56, 305
    Local Taxation (Customs & Excise Act) 1890, 53 & 54 Vict. c. 6053, 54, 56
    Board of Education Act 1899, 62 & 63 Vict. c. 3362, 63
    Education Act 1902, 2 Edw. VII. c. 4247, 62, 64, 67, 72, 305, 314, 315, 319, 321
    Education Act 1918, 8 & 9 Geo. V. c. 3963, 117, 305, 306, 308, 313
    Education Act 1921, 11 & 12 Geo. V. c. 5163, 117, 306, 313, 314, 317, 331
    Education Act 1936, 26 Geo. V. & Edw. VIII. c. 41311
Administrative problems291
Adolescence, general character of120
Advanced courses, regulations for86
Advisory Council for Technical Education (South Wales)343
After-careers of secondary (grammar) school leavers101, 144, 274
Ampleforth College13
Apprenticeship281
    Arrangements for apprenticing some of the 'Grammar Scholars'7
Arnold, Matthew34, 54, 56, 69, 408-11
Arnold, Dr Thomas17, 22, 24, 26
Art152, 171
Art Schools288

[page 466]

'Artist Scholars' at Oxford or Cambridge4
Arts, The Seven Liberal2, 403
Association of Directors and Secretaries for Education312, 315, 316, 337, 340, 341
Association of Education Committees260, 262, 311, 312, 316, 319, 339
Attention126
Autonomous areas315
Bell, Mr John Sxv
Bifurcation of studies296, 411
Board of Education, Publications:
Reports etc:
    Natural Science in Education, 1918 (Report of Prime Minister's Committee)81, 250, 439
    Modern Languages in Education, 1918 (Report of Prime Minister's Committee)81
    Report of Departmental Committee on Scholarships and Free Places, 1920309
    The Classics in Education, 1921 (Report of Prime Minister's Committee)81
    The Teaching of English in England (1921) (Report of Departmental Committee)81, 218, 219, 222
    Report of Departmental Committee on Private Schools (1932)331
    The School Certificate Examination; report on eight approved examinations held in 1931 (1932)98, 218, 244, 255, 259, 261
    Report of Committee on Partially Sighted Children (1934)125
    Report of Conference on Religious Instruction (1934)206, 214
Handbook of Suggestions for the Consideration of Teachers and others concerned in the Work of Public Elementary Schools (1937)71, 144, 146, 182
Educational pamphlets:
    No. 46 Rural Education (1926)191, 324
    No. 63 Memorandum on Examinations for Scholarships and Free places in Secondary Schools (1928).
Supplementary Memorandum on Examinations for Scholarships and Special Places in Secondary Schools. (1936)		95
    No. 83 The Junior Technical School (1930)420
    No. 86 Suggestions for Planning of New Buildings for Secondary Schools (1931)119, 303
    No. 99 Education and the Countryside (1934)191, 324, 325
    No. 101 Senior School Mathematics (1934)239

[page 467]

    No. 107 Suggestions for the Planning of Buildings for Public Elementary Schools (1936)303
    No. 111 A Review of Junior Technical Schools (1937)104
Circulars:
    826 Curricula of Secondary Schools (1913)75, 76, 77, 80
    849 Examinations in Secondary Schools (1914)254, 255, 258,
    933 Examination of Secondary Schools (1915)255
    1034 List of approved First and Second Examinations (1918)80, 257
    1112 Advanced Courses (1919)337
    1294 Curricula of Secondary Schools in England (1922)82, 185, 188
    1421 Secondary Schools (1932)306
    1444 Administrative Programme of Educational Development (1936)308
Welsh Department:
    Welsh in Education and Life (1927)346
    Education in Rural Wales (1930)384
    Memorandum No. 1 The School and Language teaching during Childhood (1929)346
    Memorandum No. 2 Entrance Tests for Admission to Secondary Schools (1930)346
    Circular 168 Education of Older Children in Wales (1929)345
Bristol Trade School32, 84
British Association for Commercial and Industrial Education339
Bromsgrove School8
Bruce Castle School, Tottenham20
Burnham Committees299, 300, 341
Bursary system73
Burt, Professor Cyril xvi, 133, 138, 429, 435, 447
Butler, Dr Samuel22
Cambridge Syndicate37
Careers master204
Central Schoolsxviii, 76, 86
Central Welsh Board344, 348
Cheltenham College25
Choice of subjects (see Curriculum)
Christ's Hospital11
Citizenship (see also State, place of, in education)xxxvii, 160, 163, 189
Clarke, Professor Fred Introductionxvi, 453

[page 468]

Classics28, 34, 36, 228
Cockerton Judgement, The63
Code of Regulations for Public Elementary Schools 1926300
Collège410, 421
College of Preceptors36, 39
Comenius5, 408
Commercial Schools or Academies13, 15, 17, 26
Commercial subjects178, 284, 287
Consultative Committee, Reports of:
    Examinations in Secondary Schools (1911)39, 79, 142, 254
    Practical work in Secondary Schools (1913)74
    Differentiation of Curricula between the Sexes in Secondary Schools (1923)44, 109, 119, 120, 144, 171
    Psychological Tests of Educable Capacity (1924)123
    The Education of the Adolescent (1926)47, 63, 67, 73, 86, 140, 167, 199, 202, 268, 287, 292, 310, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317, 321, 332, 334, 344, 419, 421
    Books in Public Elementary Schools (1928)213, 346
    The Primary School (1931)47, 108, 127, 128, 149, 152, 159, 202, 239, 332, 334
    Infant and Nursery Schools (1933)108
Corporate life and activities156, 159, 181, 201-3
function of teaching staff in148, 202
Country Grammar Schools189, 323
County Councils Association302, 312, 317, 319
Courtly academies9
Cowley, Abraham9, 10
Crafts152, 195
Cullis, Professor Winifredxvi, 109
Curiosity, etc135
Curriculum (see also Technical High Schools):
    common course up to 13+182, 192
    common curriculum in all types of Secondary Schools182, 273
    content of150, 156, 164
    criticisms of39, 144, 161
    freedom of choice of subjects150, 169
    national tradition, its basis81, 153
    necessity for central core173
    overcrowding of184, 186
    parity of subjects170, 205, 263
    prime object of education for adolescents149, 169
    principles ofxxiii, 146, 169
    proposals for unifying subjects: working alliances159, 173
    studies whose value is prospective152
    subjects of, grouping157, 169
    utility phase161-3, 177, 183, 244
Depressive emotions136
Dewey, Professor John414

[page 469]

Domestic arts172, 287
Dominions:
    Australia453
    Canada453
    New Zealand453
    South Africa453
Downside School13
Drummond, Miss IMxv
Ecole primaire supérieure63, 421
Ecole des métiers82
Economics179
Edinburgh Review17, 20
Education, present provision of, for children over 11 years87
Educative effects of different studies173
Emotional development133
Employers and Technical High Schools, co-operation between281
Employment101, 144, 259, 274, 281
Engineering elements in alternative science course196
English173, 175
    in examinations224, 226
    language and literature174, 218
'English Schools'5, 26
Environmental influences138
Establishment of teaching posts295, 297
Eton College5, 14, 17, 18, 22, 27, 408
External Examinations35, 43, 78
Faculty Psychology58, 70, 77, 429-38
Federation of British Industries282
First School Examination (School Certificate)xxvi, 72, 142, 254
    content of syllabuses265
    curriculum for pupils under 1678, 257
    dominates curriculum78, 142, 158, 189, 259
    dual function of258
    effects of the examination on school work256
    group system254, 261, 265
    history and aim254
    importance of English263
    language requirement263
    not main object of grammar school education266
    overstrain and pressure on individual pupils78, 257
    prescribed books175, 226
    relation to Matriculation258, 260
    school records, use of266
    standardisation of in 1917 and its effect on curriculum78, 81
    statistics99, 100

[page 470]

Fleury, the Abbé3, 7
Foreign language (see also Modern language)175, 182, 276, 341
Formal training and transfer of training58, 70, 77, 129, 429-38
Free education305, 306
Free Places (see also Special Places)73, 94, 305-8
Free Schools in England4, 5, 8
Gardening172
'General Courses', Board's reaction against75
General education57, 69, 141
General emotional characteristics109
General liberal education (see Liberal education)
Genital system109, 114, 121, 133
Geography174, 193
Girls' curriculum:
    assimilation to boys' curriculum43
    development of42, 45
    influence of examinations on43
Glands112, 133
Grading of schools30, 47-50, 56
    First grade schools31, 56
    Second grade schools31, 56
    Third grade schools31, 50, 56, 68
Grammar (literature)4, 5, 8
'Grammar Scholars': arrangements for apprenticing4, 7
Grammar Schools:
    amount of provision of87, 319
    classification of89
    combination with Modern Schools294, 298, 301
    decapitation of334
    development from 1914-193791
    form as unit201
    size of classes301
    statistics (see Chapter II passim)
Greek234
Gymnasium27, 29, 31
Halifax, Lord206
Hall, Dr Stanley138
Hamley, Professor HRxvi, 130, 439, 451
Handicraft172, 195
Harris, Professor HAxvi, 108, 109
Hartog, Sir Philip221, 226
Hazelwood School, near Birmingham20
Head Mistresses Association261
Herbart, JF58, 432

[page 471]

Higher Elementary Education, definition of67
Higher Elementary Schools (1900)63
Higher Grade Elementary Schools4, 5, 47-50, 56, 63, 66
History174, 193
History rooms301
History, the 'lessons' of1
Hobbies151, 181, 202
Homecraft (see also Home Training Schools, and Domestic Arts)47, 84, 284
Home Training Schools283-6
Homework119, 179, 192
House system201
Humboldt, W von27, 69, 408-9
Huxley, Professor TH39, 40, 411
Imagery127
Inconsistences of adolescents136
Incorporated Association of Head Masters316, 333, 334, 339
Information, value of172
Institute of Christian Education206
Intellectual capacities125
Intermediate education, definition of55
Jesuit schools18, 407
Johnson, Dr Samuel15
Joint Committee of the Four Secondary Associations260, 262
Junior Art Departments104, 288
Junior Commercial Schools85, 105, 281, 283, 285
Junior Housewifery Schools (see Home Training Schools)
Junior Technical Schools:
    aim of268, 271
    curriculum271, 283
    development of73, 82, 269, 271
    provision of87, 104
    vocational training260-70
Kandel, Professor ILxvi, 291, 415, 419
Knightly academies9
Knox, Vicesimus14, 19
Latin68, 176, 228
'Latin (Grammar) Schools'5, 349
Le Breton, Colonel191
Leeds Grammar School, Lord Eldon's judgement on15
Leibniz412
Leisure, right use of161
Liberal arts and sciences (see Arts, The Seven Liberal)

[page 472]

Liberal education33, 40, 57, 67, 69, 145, 403-14
Linguistic studies154
Literature174, 218
Liverpool College24, 31
Local Education Authorities:
    co-operation between317
    Part iii Authorities (see also Autonomous areas)314
Local survey193
Locke, John10, 12, 13, 164, 431
London Matriculation Examination37
Lycée164, 410, 421
Macclesfield Modern Free School16
Mckenna, the Rt Hon Reginald305
Maintenance allowancesxxxvii, 330
Mass suggestion129
Mathematical Schools10
Mathematics160, 175, 235
Matriculation37, 258, 260
Meadon, Sir Percy317
Mechanics' institutes51
Medical inspection and treatment116
Memory126
Mental characteristics122
Mental development in children120
Mental discipline77, 122, 129, 161
Middle Class Schools25
Mill Hill School20
Modern languages175, 176
Modern Schoolsxviii, xxx
    combination with Grammar Schools294, 298, 301
    size of classes301
Modern Sides25
Multi-bias Schools294
Multilateral Schoolsxix, xxxv, 291, 345,
Music152, 171
National Certificates (see Technical High Schools, Leaving Certificates)
National Farmers' Union190, 192
Natural science in education20, 35, 39-41, 46, 165, 177
Nautical Training, Schools of104
Nomenclature of schoolsxviii, 314
Nomenclature of Technical Schools of different types272
Nonconformist Academies11

[page 473]

Northern Universities Joint Matriculation Board260
Nunn, Sir Percyxv, 236, 427, 434, 451
Organisation of Grammar School (see Parallel forms)
Organised Science Schools48, 49, 65, 66, 72
Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board37
Oxford Delegacy37
Out-of-school hours, wrong to control all202
Overstrain in boys and girls110, 119, 120, 145, 200, 207
Parallel forms183
Parents119, 148, 180, 181, 258, 259, 275, 341
Parents' Associations119, 199
Parity of schools168, 241, 274, 275, 279, 282, 293, 298, 301, 309, 311, 319, 339, 340
Percy, Lord Eustace298
Physical development in children107
Physical education120, 171
Pillans, James17, 18
Plato59, 403, 418, 437
Platt, Mr J Clementxv
Playing-fields199, 302
Post-certificate work333
Post-primary education in 1903, three main types of64
Prefects200, 201
Premises, joint user199
Preparatory schools228, 233
Priestley, Joseph12, 408
Private schools, inspection of91, 331
Problem method159, 163, 238
Protagoras, of Plato59
Psychological opinion121-5
Psychology, influence of on curriculum77, 142, 429
Pupils:
    differences in ingenium, ability157
    individual differences124
    non-academic168, 178, 182
    overstrain in110, 119, 120, 145, 200, 257
    varying tastes and talents143, 158, 168, 184
Quadrivium (see Arts, The Seven Liberal)
Quasi-vocational work for pupils under16 xxvi, 76, 84, 268
Quintilian2, 9, 124, 405
Realgymnasium31
Realschule31
Reasoning128

[page 474]

Refresher courses (see Training of Teachers)
Regulations for Further Education290, 314
Regulations for Secondary Schools:
    1904-566, 81, 141
    1906-773, 305
    193591, 141, 188, 296
    summary and criticism of66
    their influence on curriculum71
Reports (see Board of Education, Publications; see also Royal Commissions)
Review of pupils at the age of 13182, 341
Rheumatism115
Rhythm in the history of subjects and in children's interests162
Royal Commissions:
    Royal Commission on Oxford (1850-2)38
    Royal Commission on Cambridge (1850-2)38
    Public schools Commission (1861-4)6, 27, 129
    Schools Inquiry Commission (1864-8)4, 23, 29, 32, 34, 35, 45, 49, 50, 56, 57, 68, 129
    Endowed Schools Commission (1869-74)26, 35, 37, 45, 129
    The Charity Commission (1874-1902)35, 37, 45
    Royal Commission on Scientific Instruction and the Advancement of Science (Devonshire Commission), Sixth Report, 187541, 46
    Royal Commission on Technical Instruction (1881-4)52, 54
    Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Elementary Education Acts, England and Wales (1888)48
    Royal Commission on Secondary Education (1894-5)49, 55-62, 67, 129
Royal Society of Arts, examinations of51
Rugby School14, 16, 22, 24, 27
Rural Grammar Schools (see Country Grammar Schools)
Russell, Sir John190, 193
Salary scales298-300
School as a society (see also Corporate life and activities)147, 149, 156, 197
School buildings301
    changing rooms302
    common rooms303
    design303
    dining rooms etc303
    heating304
    lighting304
    subject rooms, History, Geography etc301
    ventilation304

[page 475]

School Certificate Examination (See First School Examination)
School fees278, 305
School garden193
School leaving age167
School life:
    length of95, 143
    undertakings167
School meals118, 202, 302
School Medical Officers118, 119, 181
School rules199
School studies, utility of160
Science39, 46, 155, 165, 177, 242
Science and Art Department48, 62, 65, 66
Science Masters' Association243, 244
Sciences, The Seven Liberal (see Arts)
Scotland296
Scottish Education Department315
Scripture170, 174, 206, 347
    examinations in214
    specialist teachers210
    training of teachers for213
Second School Examination (Higher Certificate)78, 100
Secondary Code311, 315
Secondary curricula in the Dominions453
Secondary education (see also Grammar Schools)xviii
    aim of168
    definition of67
    demand for143
    its relation to technical education58
    two stages (11+ to 16, 16 to 18)165
Secondary Education in England, Report of a Conference convened by the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford, 189356
Secondary School, definition of (see also Nomenclature of schools)67
Secondary School Examinations Council255, 259, 266
Secondary Schools (see Grammar Schools)
Self-assertion and submission135
Self-consciousness137
Self-government166, 200
Sensory capacities125
Short courses for teachers (see Training of teachers)
'Sides' in Grammar Schools and Public Schools25, 167
Sixth Formsxx, 86, 166, 333
Size of classes301-2

[page 476]

Skeletal growth109
Social impulses134
Special place examination332
Special place system, 100 per cent307, 325
Special Places (see also Free Places)94, 306, 309
Specialisation in Grammar Schools (see 'Sides' in Grammar Schools)
Specialisation, incipient, for pupils under 1676
Spinal curvature110
Staff (see Training of Teachers)
Standing Joint Committee of Industrial Women's Organisations301, 312
State, place of in education147, 148, 151, 331
Statistical tables88, 91-105, 306, 307, 320
Subjects : culture and practical ability not mutually exclusive161
Teaching aids, visual and auditory303
Technical Education:
    definition of55
    its relation to secondary education58
Technical High Schoolsxxvi, 268
    accommodation277
    administration277
    amount of provision319
    curriculum140, 273, 275
    equipment278
    fees278
    government277
    leaving certificates277, 279
    nomenclature272
    recruitment and transfer of pupils273
    timetable276
Technical Instruction, definition of, in Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889, and Technical Instruction Act 188954
Technical Schools272, 283
Thomson, Sir JJ250, 439
Thring, Edward23
Tildsley, Dr John L269, 417
Timetable:
    overcrowding of81, 145, 184
    unallocated periods189
Tiverton, Middle School for Boys27
Trade Schools105, 270, 287
    development of82
    history of name32, 82
Trades Union Congress General Council312

[page 477]

Training of Teachers103, 104, 210, 213, 214, 227, 242, 251, 252, 285, 300
Transfer of pupils168, 273, 288, 336, 338
Transfer of training129-33, 439-52
Trivium (see Arts, The Seven Liberal)
Tutorial system180, 203
United States of America249, 291
Universities, connection of Grammar Schools with3-8, 62
University entrants6, 101, 144
Utility phase161-3, 177, 183, 244
Vision125
Vocational Education (see also Appendix II)xxvi, 35, 44, 161, 166, 178, 179, 269-70
Wales:
    alternative courses in small schools343
    bilingual problem346
    combined grammar school and modern school344
    Departmental Committee on the Organisation of Secondary Education in Wales, 1920348
    free (secondary) education, demand for347
    grammar school curriculum, modification of343
    Intermediate Schools344, 347
    Multilateral School345
    teaching of arts and crafts etc347
    teaching of Scripture347
    technical education, provision for342
    Welsh language346
    Welsh problems342
Whitehead, Professor AN19, 177, 414
Winchester College4, 5, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 27, 28, 29, 143
Woodard schools24
Workers' Educational Association311
Wotton-under-Edge Grammar School5
Wykeham, William of4, 5
Wyse, Sir Thomas18, 19

Appendix VI