Waddell Report 1978 - Part II - Preliminary pages

Waddell (1978)

(page numbers in brackets)

Part I

Preliminary pages (iii-viii)
Contents, Membership
Chapter I (1-5)
Introduction
Chapter II (6-18)
Educational matters
Chapter III (19-27)
Structure of the examining system
Chapter IV (28-34)
Cost
Chapter V (35-41)
Conclusions
Appendices (42-46)

Part II

Preliminary pages (i-xvii)
Contents, Membership

Report of the Education Study Group (ESG)

Glossary, Introduction (1-9)
Chapter 1 (10-15)
Feasibility of common exam system
Chapter 2 (16-23)
English
Chapter 3 (24-29)
Mathematics
Chapter 4 (30-34)
Science
Chapter 5 (35-39)
History
Chapter 6 (40-43)
Geography
Chapter 7 (44-48)
Modern languages
Chapter 8 (49-52)
Classics
Chapter 9 (53-54)
Commerce
Chapter 10 (55-56)
Social science
Chapter 11 (57-58)
Religious studies
Chapter 12 (59-60)
Craft design and technology
Chapter 13 (61-63)
Technical drawing
Chapter 14 (64-65)
Home economics
Chapter 15 (66-67)
Needlecraft and dress
Chapter 16 (68-70)
Art
Chapter 17 (71-72)
Music
Chapter 18 (73-76)
Further work
Appendix A (77)
List of witnesses
Appendix B (78-80)
Questions
Appendix C (81)
Statistics
Appendix D (82-129)
Joint examinations

Report of the Cost Study Group (CSG)

Chapter 1 (131-134)
Introduction
Chapter 2 (135-149)
Costs in 1976
Chapter 3 (150-161)
Costing a common system
Chapter 4 (162-165)
Changeover costs
Annexes (166-186)

The Waddell Report (1978)
School Examinations

Report of the Steering Committee established to consider proposals for replacing the General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level and Certificate of Secondary Education examinations by a common system of examining

London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1978
© Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland.

PART II: Preliminary pages

[title page]

SCHOOL EXAMINATIONS

Report of the Steering Committee established to consider
proposals for replacing the General Certificate of Education
Ordinary-level and Certificate of Secondary Education
examinations by a common system of examining

PART II

Chairman: Sir James Waddell CB

Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State
for Education and Science and the Secretary of
State for Wales by Command of Her Majesty
July 1978

LONDON
HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE

£3.15 net

[page ii]

Note: The estimated cost of preparing this report (Parts I and II) is £195,909 of which £56,909 represents the estimated cost of printing and publication.

ISBN 0 10 172811 5

[page iii]

Part I of this report, which is published as a separate volume, contains the main report of the Steering Committee. This volume (Part II) contains the reports to that Committee of its sub-groups (the Educational Study Group and the Cost Study Group).

[page v]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Paragraphs	Page
PART II Report of the Educational Study Group
Report of the Cost Study Group
The Examining Boards of England and Wales (abbreviations used in the reports)		xiii
REPORT OF THE EDUCATIONAL STUDY GROUP
Membership		xiv-xv
GLOSSARY OF TERMS		2
INTRODUCTION	1-12	7
CHAPTER 1: THE FEASIBILITY OF A COMMON SYSTEM OF EXAMINING
Definition of a Common System	13	10
Nature of the Evidence	14-15	10
Our Approach to the Task	16-18	11
The Structure of a Common System	19-20	11
Common Examination and Choice of Paper	21-24	12
Feasibility	25	13
Other Matters	26-28	14
CHAPTER 2: ENGLISH (LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE)
Introduction	29-30	16
The Evidence	31	16
The Ability Range	32-33	16
English language		17-21
The Syllabus and Objectives	34-36	17
The Syllabus and the Examination	37-41	18
The Examination and the Ability Range	42-45	19
Marking and Grading	46-47	20
Extension	48	21
Conclusion	49-50	21
English Literature	51-57	21-23
Conclusion	58	23
CHAPTER 3: MATHEMATICS
Introduction	59-60	24
The Evidence	61	24
The Ability Range	62	25
The Syllabus and Objectives	63-69	25
The Syllabus, the Examination and the Ability Range	70-80	26
Marking and Grading	81-83	29
Conclusion	84	29

[page vi]

	Paragraphs	Page
CHAPTER 4: SCIENCE
Introduction	85-86	30
The Evidence	87-88	30
The Ability Range	89	31
The Syllabus and Objectives	90-91	31
Biology	92	32
Chemistry	93	32
Physics	94	32
The Syllabus and the Examination	95-97	32
Marking and Grading	98	33
The Examination and the Ability Range	99-101	33
Conclusion	102-103	34
CHAPTER 5: HISTORY
Introduction	104-105	35
The Evidence	106	35
The Ability Range	107	36
The Syllabus and Objectives	108-1101	36
The Syllabus and the Examination	111-112	37
The Examination and the Ability Range	113-116	37
Marking and Grading	117	38
Conclusion	118-119	38
CHAPTER 6: GEOGRAPHY
Introduction	120-121	40
The Evidence	122	40
The Ability Range	123	40
The Syllabus and Objectives	124-125	41
The Syllabus and the Examination	126-127	41
The Examination and the Ability Range	128-129	41
Marking and Grading	130	42
Conclusion	131-132	42
CHAPTER 7: MODERN LANGUAGES
Introduction	133-135	44
The Evidence	136	44
The Ability Range	137-138	45
The Syllabus and Objectives	139-141	45
The Syllabus and the Examination	142-145	46
The Examination and the Ability Range	146-147	47
Marking and Grading	148	47
Conclusion	149-151	47
CHAPTER 8: CLASSICS
Introduction	152-153	49
The Evidence	154	49
The Ability Range	155	50
The Syllabus and Objectives	156-157	50
The Syllabus and the Examination	158-159	50
The Examination and the Ability Range	160-163	51
Extension	164-166	52
Conclusion	167	52

[page vii]

	Paragraphs	Page
CHAPTER 9: COMMERCE
Introduction	168-169	53
The Evidence	170	53
The Syllabus and Objectives	171	53
The Syllabus and the Examination	172-174	54
Conclusion	175	54
CHAPTER 10: SOCIAL SCIENCE
Introduction	176	55
The Evidence	177	55
The Syllabus and Objectives	178-179	55
The Syllabus and the Examination	180	56
The Examination and the Ability Range	181	56
Extension	182	56
Conclusion	183	56
CHAPTER 11: RELIGIOUS STUDIES
Introduction	184-185	57
The Evidence	186	57
The Ability Range	187	57
The Syllabus and Objectives	188	57
The Syllabus and the Examination	189	57
The Examination and the Ability Range	190-192	58
Conclusion	193	58
CHAPTER 12: CRAFT, DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY
Introduction	194-195	59
The Evidence	196	59
The Ability Range	197	59
The Syllabus and Objectives	198	59
The Examination and the Ability Range	199-201	60
Marking and Grading	202	60
Conclusion	203-204	60
CHAPTER 13: TECHNICAL DRAWING
Introduction	205	61
The Evidence	206	61
The Ability Range	207	61
The Syllabus and Objectives	208-210	61
The Examination and the Ability Range	211-212	62
Marking and Grading	213	62
Conclusion	214-215	62

[page viii]

	Paragraphs	Page
CHAPTER 14: HOME ECONOMICS
Introduction	216	64
The Evidence	217	64
The Ability Range	218	64
The Syllabus and Objectives	219-220	64
The Examination and the Ability Range	221-222	64
Marking and Grading	223	65
Conclusion	224	65
CHAPTER 15: NEEDLECRAFT AND DRESS
Introduction	225	66
The Evidence	226	66
The Ability Range	227	66
The Syllabus and Objectives	228	66
The Examination and the Ability Range	229-231	66
Conclusion	232	67
CHAPTER 16: ART
Introduction	233-234	68
The Evidence	235	68
The Ability Range	236-239	68
The syllabus and examination	240-242	69
Marking and Grading	243	70
Conclusion	244	70
CHAPTER 17: MUSIC
Introduction	245	71
Evidence	246	71
The Ability Range	247	71
The Syllabus and Objectives	248	71
The Examination and the Ability Range	249-250	72
Extension	251	72
Conclusion	252	72
CHAPTER 18: FURTHER WORK	253-266	73

[page ix]

APPENDICES

		Page
Appendix A:	List of those consulted	77
Appendix B:	Questions formulated by the Joint Examinations Sub-Committee (JESC) of the Schools Council	78
	Questions formulated by the Educational Study Group	79
Appendix C:	Summary of Statistics of Entries for GCE O Level, CSE and Joint Examinations, Summer 1976	81
Appendix D:	Summary of Information about the Joint Examinations	82
	English	83
	Mathematics	88
	Science
	Biology	93
	Chemistry	98
	Physics	100
	History	102
	Geography	104
	Modern Languages
	French	108
	German	112
	Classical subjects	114
	Commerce	117
	Social science	118
	Religious studies	119
	Craft, design and technology	120
	Technical drawing	122
	Home economics	125
	Needlecraft and dress	126
	Art	127
	Music	129

[page x]

LIST OF TABLES

		Page
Table 1:	The consortia and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in English language and literature. 1973-1977	16
Table 2:	The consortia and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in mathematics. 1972-1977	25
Table 3:	The consortia and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in the sciences. 1973-1977	31
Table 4:	The consortia and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in history. 1973-1977	35
Table 5:	The consortia and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in geography. 1973-1977	40
Table 6:	The consortia and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in modern languages. 1974-1977	44
Table 7:	The consortia and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in classics. 1974-1977	49
Table 8:	The consortium and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in commerce. 1974-1977	53
Table 9:	The consortium and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in social science. 1975-1976	55
Table 10:	The consortium and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in religious studies. 1975-1976	57
Table 11:	The consortia and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in craft, design and technology. 1974-1977	59
Table 12:	The consortia and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in technical drawing. 1973-1977	61
Table 13:	The consortium and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in home economics. 1973-1977	64
Table 14:	The consortium and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in needlecraft and dress. 1973-1977	66
Table 15:	The consortia and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in art. 1973-1974	68
Table 16:	The consortia and number of candidates involved in the joint examinations held in music. 1974-1977	71

[page xi]

	Paragraphs	Page
REPORT OF THE COST STUDY GROUP
Membership		xvi-xvii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION	1-8	132
CHAPTER 2: COSTS IN 1976
I EXAMINATION BOARD COSTS		135
The Expenditure Pattern	17-19	136
Total Board Expenditure	20-21	137
Total 16+ Expenditure	22-26	139
Activity Analysis	27-29	143
II 'HIDDEN' COSTS		145
Summary of Teacher Deployment	33-35	146
The Involvement of Individual Teachers in Examining	36-38	146
Local Education Authorities	39	147
Personnel	40-41	147
Use of Premises	42	148
In-Service Training	43	148
School Direct Expenditures on Examinations	44-45	148
III SCHOOL-LEA OVERT COSTS		149
LEA policies	46-48	149
Provision of Materials	49-50	149
CHAPTER 3: COSTING A COMMON SYSTEM
EXAMINATION BOARD COSTS	51	150
Changes Likely Irrespective of Administrative Organisation	54-55	151
Changes Likely as a Result of Changes in Administrative and Educational Arrangements	56-65	152
Examples of Possible Administrative Structures	66-73	155
Summary of Cost Changes	74	158
PREMISES COSTS	75-76	159
EXTERNAL CONSIDERATIONS	82-84	160
CHAPTER 4: CHANGEOVER COSTS
Syllabus Development	85-94	162
Board Staffing	95-96	164
Computer Costs	97	165
'Hidden' Costs	98	165
School and LEA Costs	99-100	165
ANNEXES
Annex A		166
Schedule I: Summary of Total Expenditure		166
Schedule II: Costs for non 16+ Examinations		167
Schedule III: 16+ Examination Costs		168
Schedule IV: Detailed Description of the Board's Procedures with Costs and Volumes of Activity (completed by examining boards)		169

[page xii]

	Page
Annex B 8 tables of Board Costs and Subject Entries in 1976	170
Annex C 2 Questionnaires Completed by Teachers in Schools Visited (with notes for guidance)	178

LIST OF TABLES

		Page
Table 1:	Total expenditure of the boards	137
Table 2:	Direct costs per subject entry for English CSE boards	142
Table 3:	Analysis of activity by type of expenditure	143
Table 4:	Analysis of expenditure by activities	144
Table 5:	The pattern of boards' expenditure on 16+ examinations and the levels of subject entries in England and Wales	151
Table 6:	Estimated effect of elimination of double entries and increase of winter entries on examining boards' expenditure	152
Table 7:	Expenditure of the WJEC and the 14 largest English boards, and of the remaining 6 examining boards (1976)	157
Table 8:	Suggested revised pattern of expenditure assuming all examining handled by 15 examining boards	157
Table 9:	Possible range of costs of running a common system - items common to all models	158
Table 10:	Possible range of costs of running a common system - all models	158
Table 11:	Estimated annual costs for developing syllabuses for a common system of examining over (a) 3 years and (b) 5 years	164

DIAGRAMS

Histogram showing direct expenditure of the boards on 16+ examinations and of the GCE boards on all examinations		138
Diagram A:	Total direct cost per subject entry for each board in relation to the size of its operation	140
Diagram B:	Total direct salaries cost per subject entry for each board in relation to the size of its operation	141

[page xiii]

THE EXAMINING BOARDS OF ENGLAND AND WALES

	Abbreviations used in this report
GCE Boards
The Associated Examining Board	AEB
The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate	CAMBRIDGE
The Joint Matriculation Board	JMB
The University of London, University Entrance and School Examinations Council	LONDON
The Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations	OXFORD
The Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board	OXFORD & CAMBRIDGE
The Southern Universities Joint Board for School Examinations	SUJB
The Welsh Joint Education Committee	WJEC
CSE Boards
The Associated Lancashire Schools Examining Board	ALSEB
The East Anglian Examinations Board	EAEB
The East Midland Regional Examinations Board	EMREB
The Metropolitan Regional Examinations Board	MREB
The Middlesex Regional Examining Board	MIDDLESEX
The North Regional Examinations Board	NREB
The North West Regional Examinations Board	NWREB
The Southern Regional Examinations Board	SREB
The South East Regional Examinations Board	SEREB
The South Western Examinations Board	SWEB
The Welsh Joint Education Committee	WJEC
The West Midlands Examinations Board	WMEB
The West Yorkshire and Lindsey Regional Examining Board	TWYLREB
The Yorkshire Regional Examinations Board	YREB

[page xiv]

MEMBERSHIP OF THE EDUCATIONAL STUDY GROUP

CHAIRMAN

*Mr JA Hudson CB - Department of Education and Science

MEMBERS

*Miss SJ Browne CB - HM Inspectorate

*Mrs Lorna Denton JP - Parent Member of the National Confederation of Parent Teacher Associations National Executive; Secretary, Derbyshire Federation of Parent Teacher Associations

*Mr AH Jennings CBE - Headmaster, Ecclesfield Comprehensive School, Sheffield

Mr RD Nixon - Director of Education, Walsall

Dr DL Nuttall JP - Secretary, Middlesex Regional Examining Board

Mr RD Price - County Education Officer, Dorset County Council

Mr IM Richardson - Headmaster, Bancroft's School, Woodford Green; Chairman, Examinations Committee, University of London, University Entrance and School Examinations Council

*Mr JE Williams - Headmaster, Prestatyn High School, Clwyd, Wales

*Miss Sheila D Wood CBE - Hon. Secretary, Joint Executive Committee of the Associations of Head Masters, Head Mistresses, Assistant Masters, and Assistant Mistresses (the Joint Four)

Appointments shown are those held by members at the time of their appointmen to the Group.

*Denotes also member of the Steering Committee.

[page xv]

SECRETARIAT OF THE EDUCATIONAL STUDY GROUP

Mr BC Arthur HMI

Mr BL Baish (until 8 March 1978)

Mr DV Stafford (from 8 March 1978)

[page xvi]

MEMBERSHIP OF THE COST STUDY GROUP

CHAIRMAN

*Dr Barbara E Marsh JP - Chairman, Shropshire Education Committee

MEMBERS

Mr BC Arthur - HM Inspectorate

Mr DH Board - Secretary, Metropolitan Regional Examinations Board

*Mr RH Bird - Department of Education and Science (to 5 September 1977)

*Mr Ron Cocking - Headmaster, Colmers Farm Junior School, B.irmingham

*Mr W Cooke OBE - Headmaster, Highfield Comprehensive School, Gateshead (died 17M arch 1978)

Mr VJ Delany - Director of Financial Services, Department of Education and Science

*Mr PH Halsey MVO - Department of Education and Science (from 5 September 1977)

Mr S Hughes - formerly Headmaster, Burnage High School for Boys, Manchester (from 23 September 1977)

Mr J Morris - Deputy Education Officer, Essex Education Authority

Mr GW Nethersell - Assistant Treasurer (Education), Coventry

Dr F Wild - Secretary, Cambridge University Local Examinations Syndicate

Appointments shown are those held by members at the time of their appointment to the Group.

*Denotes also member of the Steering Committee.

[page xvii]

CONSULTANT

Mr J Feilden - Peat, Marwick and Mitchell & Co

SECRETARIAT

Mr BL Baish (until 8 March 1978)

Mr DV Stafford (from 8 March 1978)

Appointments shown are those held by members at the time of their appointment to the Group.

Part I Appendices | Part II ESG Report Glossary, Introduction